26 April 2022

Initial Server Setup with Ubuntu 22.04

Introduction

When you first create a new Ubuntu 22.04 server, you should perform some important configuration steps as part of the initial setup. These steps will increase the security and usability of your server and will give you a solid foundation for subsequent actions.

Step 1 — Logging in as root

To log into your server, you will need to know your server’s public IP address. You will also need the password or the private key for the root user’s account if you installed an SSH key for authentication. If you have not already logged into your server, you may want to follow our guide on how to Connect to Droplets with SSH, which covers this process in detail.

If you are not connected to your server currently, log in as the root user using the following command. Substitute the highlighted <^>your_server_ip<^> portion of the command with your server’s public IP address:

[environment local]
ssh root@<^>your_server_ip<^>

Accept the warning about host authenticity if it appears. If your server uses password authentication, provide your root password to log in. If you use an SSH key that is passphrase protected, you may need to enter the passphrase the first time you use the key each session. If this is your first time logging into the server with a password, you may also need to change the root password. Follow the instructions to change the password if you receive a prompt.

About root

The root user is the administrative user in a Linux environment with elevated privileges. Because of the heightened privileges of the root account, you are discouraged from using it regularly. The root account can make very destructive changes, even by accident.

The next step is setting up a new user account with reduced privileges for day-to-day use. Later, we’ll show you how to temporarily gain increased privileges for the times when you need them.

Step 2 — Creating a New User

Once you log in as root, you’ll be able to add the new user account. In the future, we’ll log in with this new account instead of root.

This example creates a new user called sammy, but you should replace that with a username that you like:

adduser <^>sammy<^>

You will be asked a few questions, starting with the account password.

Enter a strong password and, optionally, fill in any of the additional information if you would like. This information is not required, and you can press ENTER in any field you wish to skip.

Step 3 — Granting Administrative Privileges

Now you have a new user account with regular account privileges. However, you will sometimes need to perform administrative tasks as the root user.

To avoid logging out of your regular user and logging back in as the root account, you can set up what is known as superuser or root privileges for your user’s regular account. These privileges will allow your normal user to run commands with administrative privileges by putting the word sudo before the command.

To add these privileges to your new user, you will need to add the user to the sudo system group. By default on Ubuntu 22.04, users who are members of the sudo group are allowed to use the sudo command.

As root, run this command to add your new user to the sudo group (substitute the highlighted <^>sammy<^> username with your new user):

usermod -aG sudo <^>sammy<^>

You can now type sudo before commands to run them with superuser privileges when logged in as your regular user.

Step 4 — Setting Up a Firewall

Ubuntu 22.04 servers can use the UFW firewall to ensure only connections to certain services are allowed. You can set up a basic firewall using this application.

<$>[note] Note: If your servers are running on DigitalOcean, you can optionally use DigitalOcean Cloud Firewalls instead of the UFW firewall. We recommend using only one firewall at a time to avoid conflicting rules that may be difficult to debug. <$>

Applications can register their profiles with UFW upon installation. These profiles allow UFW to manage these applications by name. OpenSSH, the service that allows you to connect to your server, has a profile registered with UFW.

You can examine the list of installed UFW profiles by typing:

ufw app list

[secondary_label Output]
Available applications:
  OpenSSH

You will need to make sure that the firewall allows SSH connections so that you can log into your server next time. Allow these connections by typing:

ufw allow OpenSSH

Now enable the firewall by typing:

ufw enable

Type y and press ENTER to proceed. You can see that SSH connections are still allowed by typing:

ufw status

[secondary_label Output]
Status: active

To                         Action      From
--                         ------      ----
OpenSSH                    ALLOW       Anywhere
OpenSSH (v6)               ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)

Tthe firewall is currently blocking all connections except for SSH. If you install and configure additional services, you will need to adjust the firewall settings to allow the new traffic into your server. You can learn some common UFW operations in our UFW Essentials guide.

Step 5 — Enabling External Access for Your Regular User

Now that you have a regular user for daily use, you will need to make sure that you can SSH into the account directly.

<$>[note] Note: Until verifying that you can log in and use sudo with your new user, we recommend staying logged in as root. If you have problems connecting, you can troubleshoot and make any necessary changes as root. If you use a DigitalOcean Droplet and experience problems with your root SSH connection, you can regain access to Droplets using the Recovery Console. <$>

Configuring SSH access for your new user depends on whether your server’s root account uses a password or SSH keys for authentication.

If the root Account Uses Password Authentication

If you logged in to your root account using a password then password authentication is enabled for SSH. You can SSH to your new user account by opening up a new terminal session and using SSH with your new username:

[environment local]
ssh <^>sammy<^>@<^>your_server_ip<^>

After entering your regular user’s password, you will be logged in. Remember, if you need to run a command with administrative privileges, type sudo before it like this:

sudo <^>command_to_run<^>

You will receive a prompt for your regular user’s password when using sudo for the first time each session (and periodically afterward).

To enhance your server’s security, we strongly recommend setting up SSH keys instead of using password authentication. Follow our guide on setting up SSH keys on Ubuntu 22.04 to learn how to configure key-based authentication.

If the root Account Uses SSH Key Authentication

If you logged in to your root account using SSH keys, then password authentication is disabled for SSH. To log in as your regular user with an SSH key, you must add a copy of your local public key to your new user’s ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file.

Since your public key is already in the root account’s ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file on the server, you can copy that file and directory structure to your new user account using your current session.

The simplest way to copy the files with the correct ownership and permissions is with the rsync command. This command will copy the root user’s .ssh directory, preserve the permissions, and modify the file owners, all in a single command. Make sure to change the highlighted portions of the command below to match your regular user’s name:

<$>[note] Note: The rsync command treats sources and destinations that end with a trailing slash differently than those without a trailing slash. When using rsync below, ensure that the source directory (~/.ssh) does not include a trailing slash (check to make sure you are not using ~/.ssh/).

If you accidentally add a trailing slash to the command, rsync will copy the contents of the root account’s ~/.ssh directory to the sudo user’s home directory instead of copying the entire ~/.ssh directory structure. The files will be in the wrong location and SSH will not be able to find and use them. <$>

rsync --archive --chown=<^>sammy<^>:<^>sammy<^> ~/.ssh /home/<^>sammy<^>

Now, open up a new terminal session on your local machine, and use SSH with your new username:

[environment local]
ssh <^>sammy<^>@<^>your_server_ip<^>

You should be connected to your server with the new user account without using a password. Remember, if you need to run a command with administrative privileges, type sudo before the command like this:

sudo <^>command_to_run<^>

You will be prompted for your regular user’s password when using sudo for the first time each session (and periodically afterward).

Where To Go From Here?

At this point, you have a solid foundation for your server. You can install any of the software you need on your server now.

If you’d like to get more familiar with Linux commands, you can check our Linux Command Line Primer.